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Cedric J. Robinson’s Black Marxism is first a history of Black people appearing in historical texts as far back as Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 BCE) in ancient Greece, and second a history of “the collisions of the Black and white ‘races’ beginning in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.” Robinson’s thesis connects the evolution of capitalism to its roots in racism (racialism) understood in broad terms to comprise the subjugation of one class/group/nation/race by another (the Irish by the English in the nineteenth century, for example). He uses the term “racial capitalism” to express this process—the necessity of opposing classes for the function of capitalism. As a result, “racialism,” he says, “would inevitably permeate the social structures emergent from capitalism.” Keynes attributed the slow change in the “standard of life of the average man” until the beginning of the eighteenth century to “the remarkable absence of important technical improvements and to the failure of capital to accumulate.” Capital is accumulated, in Marx’s view, through the accretion of “surplus labor” which is the extra time a worker “must add to the working time necessary for his own maintenance . . . in order to produce the means of subsistence for the owners of the means of production.” Robinson ties capitalism’s early exploitation of surplus labor to slave labor and the slave trade noting, “historically, slavery was a critical foundation for capitalism.” Robinson traces the forced transport of Black people from Africa (the diaspora) to Europe, as well as Central, South, and North America as a foundation of early capitalism (and slavery as its form of “primitive accumulation” of capital). In his discussions of slavery, Robinson stresses the sense of the enslaved people with respect to their captors in terms of the slaves’ resistance, hostility, and defiance of the masters—their “Black radicalism.” As Robinson’s text approaches the twentieth century and the influence of Marx, his focus narrows to the significance and character of specific Black leaders including W. E. B. Du Bois, C. L. R. James, and Richard Wright and their respective connections to Marxism’s diverse interpretations. Marxism, says Robinson, “has proven insufficiently radical to expose and root out the racialist order that contaminates its analytic and philosophic applications or to come to effective terms with the implications of its own class origins.”

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Reviewed in the United States on September 2, 2022

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Emma

Charlottesville, US

★★★★★ 5

Any socialist movement must centrally address racial liberation to succeed.

Format: Kindle

Robinson's masterwork powerfully demonstrates how the Black radical tradition emerged from the shared experiences of resistance to racial capitalism and colonialism. By tracing this intellectual and political lineage through figures like W.E.B. Du Bois, C.L.R. James, and Richard Wright, Robinson shows that Black liberation struggles were not simply an offshoot of European socialism, but represented their own distinctive radical tradition. A key insight is how Black resistance movements developed theoretical frameworks and modes of struggle that went beyond traditional Marxist analysis. Where European Marxism focused primarily on class conflict within industrial capitalism, Black radical thinkers recognized that racial oppression was fundamental to how capitalism developed globally through colonialism and slavery. This more comprehensive analysis helped explain why racial liberation had to be central to any meaningful socialist transformation in the United States. The book compellingly argues that Black liberation movements - from slave rebellions to civil rights to Black Power - represented some of the most significant challenges to American capitalism. These struggles exposed how racial oppression was not incidental but essential to American economic and social relations. By fighting for racial justice, these movements struck at the foundations of the capitalist order itself. Robinson's updated edition strengthens these arguments by extending the analysis into more recent decades. He examines how Black radical politics evolved in response to neoliberalism and continued racial inequalities, while maintaining connections to earlier traditions of resistance. For readers interested in both racial justice and socialist politics, this book remains invaluable for understanding how these struggles are fundamentally interconnected. It demonstrates why any socialist movement in the United States must centrally address racial liberation to succeed in transforming society.

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Reviewed in the United States on November 11, 2024

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Tee

Omaha, US

★★★★★ 5

A Classic That Requires Time

Format: Paperback

This book is for a particular type of reader. Robinson’s writing is beautiful, but not easy. The ideas are complex. It takes effort to get through. But, if you are interested in Black politics, and looking for fresh thinking, I recommend it highly. The funny thing is, the title is misleading. It is more about Europe and the formation of capitalism, and what Robinson defines as The Black Radical Tradition. Marx is critiqued but not rejected, and held uneasily at arm’s length. As Angela Davis wrote, this book needs to be read more than once. It’s like an album or a movie that is so unique and rich that you know you probably missed something on the first go-round. I expect to return to it many years to come.

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Reviewed in the United States on November 15, 2023